Roma, 25 maggio 2022 – La Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sulle condizioni di lavoro in Italia, sullo sfruttamento e sulla sicurezza nei luoghi di lavoro ha presentato oggi la relazione intermedia sull’attività svolta, in occasione del Convegno “Salute e sicurezza dei lavoratori in un mondo del lavoro in continua evoluzione”, tenutosi in Senato, a cui hanno partecipato per l’ANMIL la Capo Area Attività Legali e Comunicazione dott.ssa Marinella de Maffutiis e i Testimonial/Formatori per la sicurezza Marcello Luciani (Presidente ANMIL Marche), Andrea Lanari (Vice Presidente ANMIL Marche) e Luigi Vita.
Ad introdurre l’incontro il Sen. Gianclaudio Bressa, Presidente della Commissione, che ha illustrato i contenuti di un disegno di legge appena depositato in Senato, che recepisce le proposte normative elaborate dall’organismo di inchiesta nel suo primo anno di attività. Un disegno di legge in nove articoli che coglie l’evoluzione del mercato del lavoro e i nuovi rischi per i lavoratori. “L’utilizzo sempre più massiccio delle nuove tecnologie – ha spiegato Bressa – ha fatto emergere il fenomeno del “caporalato digitale” dove i lavoratori della gig economy hanno sostituito i braccianti agricoli. Non è più soltanto il furgone a caricare al mattino i lavoratori in attesa della chiamata, ma è l’uso degli algoritmi che costituisce il fulcro per lo sfruttamento dei lavoratori. Ecco, allora, che il pericolo più profondo è che l’algoritmo e, più in generale, l’intelligenza artificiale, possano diventare strumenti senza controllo”. “Il disegno di legge – sottolinea Bressa – è il frutto delle proposte contenute nella relazione intermedia sull’attività svolta dalla Commissione, presentata a fine aprile. Quelle proposte sono ora incardinate in una proposta normativa che nasce da un assunto fondamentale: la sicurezza non è solo un dovere per il datore di lavoro, ma è un diritto individuale assoluto del lavoratore e un interesse della collettività”.
Tra le proposte formalizzate nel disegno di legge, l’articolo 1 individua “una serie di disposizioni che stabiliscano dei livelli minimi di tutela per tutti i lavoratori della gig economy” e indica “una serie di casi precisi in cui, qualora la prestazione avvenga tramite piattaforme digitali, si considera lavoratore subordinato chiunque si obbliga, mediante retribuzione, a collaborare nell’impresa, prestando il proprio lavoro intellettuale o manuale, anche se la prestazione sia svolta in tutto o in parte con strumenti che siano nella disponibilità del prestatore”. L’articolo 2 riguarda alcune “misure ulteriori di protezione dei dati personali dei lavoratori nel caso in cui il committente utilizzi delle piattaforme digitali”, mentre l’articolo 3 introduce dei “nuovi obblighi a carico del committente che utilizzi delle piattaforme digitali”.
L’articolo 4 affronta il tema delle tutele dei lavoratori dipendenti di ditte subappaltatrici e stabilisce che il subappaltatore “deve garantire gli stessi standard qualitativi e prestazionali previsti nel contratto di appalto”. L’articolo 5 prevede una specifica fattispecie penale al fine di contrastare i fenomeni di somministrazione fraudolenta di lavoro. L’articolo 6 introduce, all’interno del codice penale (art. 603 bis C.P.), “un’autonoma e specifica fattispecie di reato, tesa a sanzionare la condotta di chiunque, con violenza o minaccia, costringa il lavoratore ad accettare la corresponsione di trattamenti remunerativi deteriori e non adeguati alle prestazioni effettuate” o “a rinunciare a diritti spettanti”. L’articolo 7 estende “la responsabilità, nell’ambito di gruppi di imprese, all’ente controllante che, giuridicamente o di fatto, svolge un controllo su altre imprese collettive”. L’articolo 8, infine, riproduce alcune disposizioni aggravanti nel caso di reato di estorsione.
Al convegno è intervenuta anche la Presidente della Commissione Lavoro del Senato, Sen. Susy Matrisciano, che ha rimarcato l’importanza della diffusione della cultura della sicurezza e della sensibilizzazione dei livelli gerarchici superiori come principali strumenti di prevenzione, invocando un “patto istituzionale” tra tutti gli attori che operano sulla materia, ovvero aziende, lavoratori, associazioni di categoria, Stato e Regioni”. Matrisciano ha quindi ricordato il disegno di legge per l’istituzione della Procura Nazionale del lavoro, incardinato nelle commissioni Lavoro e Giustizia del Senato, che “punta a garantire processi rapidi e giusti e può sconfiggere quel senso di impunità che genera e alimenta l’illegalità, attraverso un pool di magistrati altamente specializzati che possano garantire un’azione coordinata e omogenea. Il rischio che al danno dell’evento si aggiunga la beffa di una giustizia che non arriva è davvero molto triste. Bisogna sempre ricordare – ha concluso – che dietro ogni infortunio c’è un dramma di vita che condizionerà per sempre non soltanto chi lo subisce, ma anche la sua famiglia”. Per questo, dichiara, “dobbiamo intervenire sulla cultura con processi ben strutturati a partire dalle scuole, dove i futuri imprenditori e operai si trovano insieme in un momento di neutralità”.
Ha quindi preso la parola il Direttore dell’Ispettorato Nazionale del Lavoro, Bruno Giordano, che lodando il lavoro della Commissione ne ha apprezzato l’approccio scientifico. “Gli incidenti sul lavoro non vanno solo contati, ma vanno studiati, per comprenderne le cause” ha dichiarato, osservando come l’analisi economica sui costi sociali degli infortuni contenuta nella Relazione intermedia sia uno strumento prezioso per comprendere gli effetti del fenomeno su molteplici aspetti.
Le conclusioni sono state affidate al Ministro del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali, Andrea Orlando, secondo il quale il lavoro della Commissione permette di sfatare un luogo comune difficile da abbattere, che lega le morti sul lavoro alla fatalità. “Le morti sul lavoro, come gli incidenti, sono conseguenza di cattive forme organizzative, di mancanza di prevenzione e formazione, e anche conseguenza del tipo di competizione che si sceglie”. E quindi occorre, secondo il Ministro “fare una riflessione con le parti sociali sul nostro modello di competizione” che non sia solo basato sul “taglio dei costi, ma su qualità, innovazione e ricerca”. Nel nostro mercato del lavoro, aggiunge Orlando, “oltre al caporalato in versione hard, abbiamo un caporalato bordeline che si insinua nelle regole soft che consentono di delegare a terzi fasi del processo, senza assumersi il rischio, in questa area bisogna concentrare l’azione di contrasto”.
Il Ministro ha quindi spiegato che il governo sta portando avanti un impegno “anche a livello europeo per la definizione di regole più giuste per i lavoratori digitali e per fare in modo che l’Italia sia espressione di una avanguardia nel riconoscimento delle tutele e dei diritti per questi lavoratori”. Per Orlando, “la necessità di adeguare il sistema normativo alle modalità organizzative dettate dalle nuove tecnologie è una realtà di cui dobbiamo prendere atto e su cui è necessario intervenire tempestivamente”. Il lavoro intermediato da piattaforme, aggiunge, “riveste ogni giorno un ruolo più incisivo nel nostro mercato del lavoro, così come l’utilizzo di algoritmi e sistemi automatizzati che monitorano, disciplinano e organizzano i lavoratori. In linea con le istanze affrontate dalla proposta della Commissione abbiamo introdotto un obbligo di estensione delle comunicazioni obbligatorie per le piattaforme digitali, che ci permetterà di avere un quadro preciso della rilevanza del fenomeno nel nostro Paese. Allo stesso tempo nella proposta di recepimento della direttiva sulle condizioni di lavoro trasparenti abbiamo previsto l’inserimento di obblighi informativi a carico dei datori di lavoro o committenti che utilizzino sistemi decisionali automatizzati durante l’esecuzione del rapporto di lavoro al fine di valutarne l’impatto sulle condizioni di lavoro e tutelare la salute e sicurezza dei lavoratori”.
Il Presidente della Commissione infortuni al Senato Gianclaudio Bressa presenta proposte per salute e sicurezza sul lavoro
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