Roma, 28 giugno 2021 – Con queste parole Guy Ryder, Direttore Generale dell’OIL (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro), ha illustrato, in sintesi, gli obiettivi della “Giornata internazionale delle lavoratrici e lavoratori domestici” che si è tenuta il 16 giugno scorso in occasione del decimo anniversario dell’adozione della Convenzione OIL n. 189 che, per la prima volta nella storia, ha sancito i diritti di questa categoria di essere riconosciuti come lavoratori e prestatori di servizi essenziali.
Dieci anni fa, l’adozione della Convenzione venne considerata di importanza storica per i circa 75,6 milioni di lavoratrici e lavoratori domestici che operano in tutto il mondo (il 4,5% dei lavoratori dipendenti del pianeta) la maggior parte dei quali è composta da donne. Il lavoro domestico rimane, infatti, un settore dominato dalla componente femminile: sono circa 57,7 milioni le lavoratrici occupate in questo settore e rappresentano il 76,3% dei lavoratori domestici; le donne costituiscono la maggior parte della forza lavoro in Europa, Asia centrale e nelle Americhe, i maschi invece sono in maggioranza negli Stati arabi (63,4%) e, poco meno della metà, in Asia meridionale (42,6%).
In questo decennio diversi importanti traguardi sono stati raggiunti, tra cui una drastica riduzione (oltre 16 punti percentuali) del numero dei lavoratori domestici che erano totalmente esclusi dall’ambito di applicazione della legislazione sul lavoro.
Ma anche quando si è coperti dalla legislazione del lavoro e della sicurezza sociale, l’attuazione effettiva di tale legislazione in molti Paesi è talmente poco diffusa da determinare nei fatti l’esclusione dei lavoratori dalle tutele.
Secondo il rapporto OIL, solo il 18,8% dei lavoratori domestici gode di un’effettiva copertura previdenziale sul lavoro, evidenziando la necessità di colmare queste lacune normative, in particolare in Asia, nell’area del Pacifico e negli Stati arabi, dove esse risultano più eclatanti.
Va detto, inoltre, che per molti lavoratori domestici le condizioni di lavoro sono ulteriormente peggiorate in questo ultimo periodo a causa della pandemia da COVID-19. Durante la fase più critica della crisi pandemica – secondo il Rapporto OIL – la perdita di lavoro tra i lavoratori domestici si è attestata tra il 5% e il 20% nella maggior parte dei paesi europei, in Canada e in Sudafrica; mentre nelle Americhe, la situazione è stata molto più pesante, con perdite di posti di lavoro tra il 25% e il 50%.
In Italia, da un punto di vista strettamente normativo, la situazione dei lavoratori domestici appare sicuramente soddisfacente: al pari di tutti gli altri lavoratori, per questa categoria di lavoratori dipendenti, è prevista, infatti, la normale copertura previdenziale da parte dell’INPS e la tutela infortunistica da parte dell’INAIL.
Tuttavia c’è da dire che, per molti lavoratori domestici, si tratta di pura teoria in quanto i 920.722 assicurati, rilevati recentemente da INPS per il 2020, rappresentano una quota minoritaria dei circa 2 milioni di lavoratori che, si stima, operano nel nostro Paese. Secondo gli esperti delle più accreditate Associazioni di categoria, oltre la metà dei lavori domestici risulta, infatti, irregolare. La collettività dei lavoratori domestici in Italia è quasi equamente suddivisa tra Colf (52%) e Badanti (48%); presenta una nettissima prevalenza della componente femminile (89% del totale) e di lavoratori di origine straniera (70,3%), provenienti in particolare da Romania, Ucraina, Moldavia e Filippine. Le aree territoriali di maggiore diffusione sono il Nord Ovest (30,2%) e il Centro (27,3%), seguono il Nord Est (20,3%), il Sud (12,7%) e le Isole (9,5%). La regione col maggior numero di colf e badanti è la Lombardia con circa 172.000 unità (18,7% del totale nazionale), seguita da Lazio (13,8%), Emilia Romagna (8,7%) e Toscana (8,6%).
Il dato 2020 risulta in crescita del 7,5% (circa 64.000 unità) rispetto all’anno 2019; l’incremento è stato relativamente più consistente per la componente italiana (+14,9%) rispetto a quella straniera (+5,2%), anche se in termini assoluti l’incremento risulta pari a circa 32.000 unità per entrambe le componenti.
Non è facile, allo stato attuale, valutare i vari riflessi che effettivamente possa avere avuto la pandemia sulla collettività dei lavoratori domestici, tuttavia riteniamo ragionevole che vi sia stata, specialmente nei periodi di maggiore intensità virale, una perdita di posti di lavoro, peraltro in linea con quanto riportato nell’ultimo Rapporto OIL di cui si è già detto in precedenza. Anche a livello nazionale, l’ISTAT ha inoltre rilevato per l’anno 2020 un calo di 444.000 occupati, di cui ben 312.000 donne, che ha interessato in misura più o meno consistente quasi tutte le attività lavorative, con esclusione del solo settore pubblico.
Va rilevato, inoltre, che già da una decina di anni nel campo del lavoro domestico si sta manifestando questa tendenza alla flessione: gli assicurati, che erano più di 1 milione nel 2012 sono scesi a circa 920.000 nel 2014, a 878.000 nel 2016, a 866.000 nel 2018 ed infine a 856.000 del 2019. Una discesa, dunque, lenta ma costante che ha interessato in misura maggiore le Colf rispetto alle Badanti.
In questi ultimi anni c’è da registrare, inoltre, un dato particolare e per molti versi molto interessante: al calo delle lavoratrici domestiche straniere ha fatto riscontro un incremento significativo di quelle italiane che, come visto, si è ulteriormente accentuato nel 2020. Sembra dunque che gli italiani (ma soprattutto le italiane), nella morsa della crisi e della disoccupazione, stiano tornando a quei lavori che fino a pochi anni fa venivano praticamente snobbati o che, per necessità, erano costrette a demandare ad altri; né va dimenticato che lo smart working, molto praticato in periodo di pandemia, ha riportato in casa molte donne lavoratrici.
Quanto detto sembra confermare la previsione di un calo dell’occupazione domestica nell’anno 2020, che tuttavia presenta un consistente saldo positivo in virtù della sanatoria stabilita dal governo che, a tutto il 15 agosto 2020, ha regolarizzato ben 177.000 lavoratori domestici, di cui 122.000 Colf e 55.000 Badanti.
Garantire un lavoro dignitoso ai lavoratori domestici di Franco D’Amico resp. Servizi Statistico informativi ANMIL
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