In Italia ogni anno si verificano mediamente circa 3 incidenti in ambienti confinati che causano la morte di 5 lavoratori.
17 settembre 2019. La tragica vicenda dei quattro operai morti a seguito della caduta in una vasca per la raccolta dei liquami in una azienda agricola della campagna pavese che si occupa di allevamento di bovini, riporta in primo piano il problema della tutela dei lavoratori che operano nei cosiddetti “ambienti confinati”, che con drammatica periodicità mietono vittime innocenti in varie parti del Paese.
Con il termine “ambiente confinato” s’intende un luogo circoscritto, totalmente o parzialmente chiuso, che non è stato progettato e costruito per essere occupato da persone, ma che può, in via del tutto eccezionale, essere impegnato per l’esecuzione d’interventi specifici e straordinari (quali la pulizia, l’ispezione, la manutenzione o la riparazione); in questi ambienti il pericolo è molto elevato a causa della presenza di esalazioni di gas venefici dagli esiti spesso letali o comunque molto gravi.
Ma quello che maggiormente colpisce e rende ancora più macabre e penose vicende di questo tipo è l’aspetto umano rappresentato da quello spirito spontaneo di solidarietà e generosità che spesse volte finisce col peggiorare la situazione. Gli esiti di incidenti, spesso gravi o mortali, che si verificano negli spazi confinati (serbatoi, cisterne, vasche di raccolta acque piovane o liquami, silos, stive di imbarcazioni, condotte, reti fognarie,..) vengono, infatti, spesso ulteriormente aggravati a causa di istintivi tentativi di soccorso tanto generosi ed encomiabili quanto quasi sempre vani. E’ normale, infatti, immaginare che ci sia uno spontaneo moto d’intervento quando si vede un collega in gravi difficoltà, ma la catena di solidarietà umana che si attiva in questi casi porta spesso a compiere gesti estremi che, di fatto, non fanno altro che incrementare il numero delle vittime.
Non conosciamo l’esatta dinamica della tragedia di Pavia, ma ci sentiamo assolutamente di escludere che la caduta dei quattro operai nella vasca di liquami sia avvenuta contemporaneamente; riteniamo, invece, più verosimile, che alla caduta del primo operaio gli altri si siano lanciati uno dopo l’altro nel tentativo di salvare i colleghi e rimanendo poi tutti soffocati dalle esalazioni di gas. A ribadire questa circostanza ci sono, d’altronde, le esperienze che derivano dalle statistiche internazionali ufficiali più accreditate, dalle quali risulta che, in casi di questo genere, oltre il 50% delle vittime è rappresentato dai soccorritori, percentuale confermata anche dalla dinamica degli incidenti che si sono verificati nel nostro Paese. Che, tra l’altro, non sono pochi.
Da una indagine effettuata a suo tempo da esperti INAIL relativamente agli anni 2005-2010 e che recentemente i tecnici dell’ANMIL hanno provveduto ad aggiornare con gli eventi degli anni successivi rilevati dalle cronache, risulta che nel periodo 2005-2018 si sono verificati 37 incidenti mortali in ambienti confinati, che hanno causato la morte di 62 lavoratori: ogni episodio ha portato in media alla morte di 1,7 persone. Si tratta per lo più di incidenti che avvengono all’interno di cisterne o serbatoi (53,2% dei decessi), vasche di raccolta (22,6%) o silos (10%), ambienti nei quali si sprigionano spesso esalazioni di gas asfissianti che sono la principale causa del decesso nell’ambiente confinato teatro dell’evento: ben due terzi delle morti (66,7%) avviene proprio per questo motivo; mentre quasi il 20% è causato da caduta traumatica della vittima.
Alla luce di queste statistiche si può affermare che nel nostro Paese ogni anno si verificano mediamente circa 3 incidenti in ambienti confinati che causano la morte di 5 lavoratori.
“Nel rinnovare il cordoglio per le vittime di questa ennesima tragedia sul lavoro – ha commentato Zoello Forni, Presidente nazionale ANMIL – nello stesso tempo sentiamo il dovere di rimarcare, mai come ora, che una vera cultura della sicurezza deve partire dal basso, già dalle scuole, per quanto riguarda gli aspetti più generali e successivamente diventare sempre più “specialistica” e mirata, soprattutto nei confronti del personale adibito ad attività così particolari. Noi non siamo esperti del settore, ma riteniamo che in queste situazioni sia assolutamente necessario, sono gli esperti che ce lo confermano, verificare prioritariamente se una certa operazione possa essere eseguita senza bisogno dell’intervento umano, utilizzando ad esempio strumentazioni tecnologiche specifiche appositamente studiate (telecamere, apparecchi teleguidati, droni, ecc); nel caso, del tutto eccezionale, in cui la presenza di un operatore fosse assolutamente necessaria, dovrà trattarsi di personale altamente specializzato e dotato di tutti i più efficaci strumenti di protezione da esalazioni che la moderna tecnologia mette a disposizione”.
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