2 febbraio 2022 – Dopo un 2020 fortemente condizionato dalla pandemia da Covid-19, che aveva fatto crollare tutti i principali indicatori macroeconomici nazionali, nel 2021 si registra una decisa ripresa delle attività produttive nel nostro Paese che ha portato ad un bilancio consuntivo annuo molto positivo, sintetizzato da una crescita del PIL che, anche oltre le previsioni più ottimistiche, si è attestato a + 6,5%; un risultato molto importante anche se ancora non sufficiente a compensare il crollo dell’8,9% del PIL dell’anno precedente. In forte crescita anche la produzione industriale che, si stima, dovrebbe raggiungere i livelli pre-Covid; segnali positivi arrivano, inoltre, dal mercato del lavoro, con una ripresa dell’occupazione e una riduzione della disoccupazione, e dai redditi e dai consumi delle famiglie, anch’essi in netta ripresa.
Ma dall’altra parte, come inevitabile rovescio della medaglia, c’è da registrare anche una decisa ripresa degli infortuni sul lavoro e in particolare di quelli mortali.
I recentissimi dati pubblicati dall’INAIL e rilevati da Open data al 31 dicembre 2021, pur se ancora provvisori, danno conto di una leggera crescita dello 0,2% delle denunce di infortuni (dai 554.340 del 2020 ai 555.236 del 2021), ed un modesto calo del 3,9% di quelli mortali (da 1.270 casi del 2020 a 1.221 del 2021).
A prima vista sembrerebbe trattarsi di un andamento “normale”, quasi stabile, quello registrato nel biennio della pandemia, ma se si scava più a fondo nei numeri delle statistiche pubblicate, si riscontra che, per quanto riguarda gli infortuni denunciati, il lieve aumento rilevato dall’INAIL potrebbe indurre ad una visione distorta dell’andamento del fenomeno, in quanto non tiene conto della diversa ripartizione degli infortuni legati all’infezione da Covid in ambito lavorativo, che nel 2020 avevano rappresentato circa un quarto del totale, mentre nell’anno 2021 sono calati di oltre il 70%. Il che significa che, se si considerano solo gli infortuni causati dall’attività lavorativa, al netto di quelli collegati alla pandemia, il bilancio 2021 diventa molto più pesante segnando una crescita del 26,3% rispetto al 2020.
Per quanto riguarda le denunce di infortunio mortale pervenute all’INAIL nel 2021, che indicano un calo del 3,9% rispetto al 2020, la variazione tra i due anni passa addirittura a +39,3% se il confronto viene fatto al netto dei contagi da Covid-19. Dall’inizio della pandemia sino al 31 dicembre 2021, infatti, sono stati registrati dall’INAIL 811 casi di morti per infezione da Covid in ambito lavorativo, di cui 568 nel 2020 e 243 nel 2021: in pratica nell’ultimo anno risultano più che dimezzati (-57,2%). Anche se, va detto, i morti per Covid vengono rilevati con metodologie diverse rispetto agli altri. Va detto anche che l’anno 2021 è stato costellato da un numero impressionante di incidenti mortali plurimi: ben 17 per un totale di 40 decessi, in netta crescita rispetto agli anni precedenti.
Dall’analisi territoriale emerge un aumento significativo di morti sul lavoro nel Sud (da 283 a 318 casi) e nel Nord-Est (da 242 a 276) ed uno più contenuto nel Centro (da 215 a 227); il numero dei decessi, invece, è in netto calo nel Nord-Ovest (da 425 a 313) e in misura più limitata nelle Isole (da 105 a 87).
Ma al di là delle statistiche sono le cronache di questi mesi e di questi giorni a raccontarci il quotidiano stillicidio di lavoratori morti nell’adempimento del loro dovere. Non passa giorno, ormai, senza la notizia di un lavoratore edile caduto dall’alto di un tetto, di un ponteggio o da un’impalcatura, oppure di un agricoltore rimasto schiacciato nel ribaltamento del proprio trattore.
E sono proprio questi due settori, Costruzioni e Agricoltura, che forniscono il contributo maggiore al bollettino dei decessi lavorativi nel 2021: 128 morti in occasione di lavoro in Agricoltura (erano 113 nel 2020) e 127 nelle Costruzioni (erano 114 nel 2020). E in questi settori, che sono i settori tradizionali per antonomasia, si continua a morire ancora in modo tradizionale. Secondo studi recenti elaborati dagli esperti INAIL su una platea di eventi pluriennali, quasi la metà dei decessi tra i lavoratori agricoli avviene per il ribaltamento del trattore; mentre circa il 60% dei morti in edilizia avviene per caduta dall’alto.
Per quanto riguarda in particolare le Costruzioni, un settore estremamente frammentato composto prevalentemente di piccole imprese, c’è stata, ed è ancora in atto, una forte ripresa delle attività produttive sospinta anche dai vari “bonus e superbonus” messi a disposizione dal governo per finanziare ristrutturazioni ed efficientamenti energetici, al fine di incentivare la ripresa dell’economia in generale. Resta, purtroppo, il problema delle irregolarità e della mancanza di sicurezza che da sempre caratterizzano le piccole imprese edili che, per propria natura, non hanno una sede fissa e una stabilità e continuità lavorativa e quindi sono difficili da controllare.
Anche le denunce di malattia professionale protocollate dall’Inail nel 2021 tornano ad aumentare: sono state 55.288, oltre 10mila in più rispetto al 2020 (+22,8%), anno che era stato condizionato fortemente dalla pandemia con denunce in costante calo rispetto agli anni precedenti. Nel 2020, infatti, lo stato di continua emergenza, le limitazioni alla circolazione stradale e gli accessi controllati a strutture sanitarie di vario genere hanno disincentivato i lavoratori dalla presentazione di eventuali denunce di malattia, che hanno preferito rinviare a tempi successivi e più sicuri.
Non cambiano, invece, le tipologie di malattia professionale più frequenti: le patologie del sistema osteo-muscolare e del tessuto connettivo (65,4% del totale), del sistema nervoso (11,5%) e dell’orecchio (6,5%) continuano ad occupare i primi posti anche nel 2021; preoccupano i 1.702 tumori denunciati, in netto calo comunque rispetto anche agli anni pre-Covid, quando si attestavano intorno alle 2.500 unità.
TAVOLA ILLUSTRATIVA
|
DINAMICA INFORTUNISTICA NEL BIENNIO 2020-2021 |
||||
| PER CAUSA DELL’EVENTO | ||||
| INFORTUNI | ||||
| Causa evento | 2000 | 2021 | Var.% 2021/2020 | |
| Causa lavoro | 405.855 | 512.675 | +26,3 | |
| Causa Covid | 148.485 | 42.561 | -71,3 | |
| TOTALE | 554.340 | 555.236 | +0,2 | |
| INFORTUNI MORTALI | ||||
| Causa evento | 2000 | 2021 | Var.% 2021/2020 | |
| Causa lavoro | 702 | 978 | +39,3 | |
| Causa Covid | 568 | 243 | -57,2 | |
| TOTALE | 1.270 | 1.221 | -3,9 | |
| Fonte:elaborazione ANMIL su dati INAIL | ||||
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